( pain Management) letter to my subject examiner Essay

( pain Management) letter to my subject examiner - Essay Example Pharmacologic Pain Interventions often alleviate pain symptoms by reviewing the prescription. However, this part of treatment is temporary and is concerned with reducing the pain rather than curing it to the core in the long run. Moreover, there are some major constraints in Pharmacologic Pain Intervention that include inadequate knowledge of nurses, little support from doctors and patient’s approval. In our last meeting, we had a thorough discussion on the topic that really helped me in gaining clear insights of the subject. Your insights offered a clear understanding along with making me think at a different and broad level. I personally believe that Pharmacologic Pain Interventions is a serious issue in the pain management, both acute and chronic. It requires specific knowledge and understanding along with a sense of ethics. There is no doubt that your guidance helped me in gaining multiple perspectives of the subject matter and with your due permission, I would like to explore the knowledge and understanding of nurses on Pharmacologic Pain Interventions especially in Saudi Arabia. Few research papers have already been written pertaining to this issue and with this analysis, it would further help in understanding the core intricacies of pain management in an analytical and critical manner. Therefore, I need your permission to go ahead with the above mentioned thought. Lack of adequate knowledge is the biggest worry in Pharmacologic Pain Interventions as nurses often try to alleviate pain but with limited knowledge fail to do so in the long run (Kaki, Daghistani (2007). I personally believe that this assignment has a lot more to offer and underpin and with inadequate knowledge and training actins as serious threats, the concept of Pharmacologic Pain Interventions can be explored in a critical manner. All these points are based on the

The Life of Yukio Mishima Essay Example for Free

The Life of Yukio Mishima Essay Yukio Mishima is a pseudonym of Kimitake Hiraoka, a famous Japanese novelist, playwright and short story writer, actor and social activist, Radical and aesthete, who is considered to be one of the most talented and influential Japanese artists of the 20th century. Mishima was a very prolific writer, who worked in various literary styles and genres and whose creative legacy amounts to more than hundred literary works including 40 novels, 18 plays and screenplays, as well as traditional Kabuki and Noh style theatre dramas, etc. Mishima was born in Tokyo in 1925 to a family of aristocratic samurai ancestry. Future writer was raised by his paternal grandmother, Natsuko Hiraoka, who separated the little boy from his mother for some years. She was a very tough and authoritarian woman, who was keeping the boy in severe discipline. At the same time, she developed in the heart of her grandson a true love for Japanese and European cultures, as well as for theatre, literature and art: in particular, for the works of Izumi Kyoka. He was back to the family at the age of 12. Being a student of the Peer’s School, Mishima started writing the first stories inspired by his favorite Japanese classic writers and Oscar Wilde. Some of this works were published in school magazine and received positive reaction from students and teachers. But, unfortunately, his father, a governmental officer, was strictly against such literary â€Å"exercises† of his son. Therefore, couple of years later Mishima decided to take a pen-name in order not to be revealed by his anti-literary parent. After finishing high school Mishima studied law in Tokyo University. In 1947 after the graduation he worked as an official in the Ministry of Finance, but a year later he made up his mind to resign and completely dedicate himself to writing. His first conceptual work, a semi-autobiographic novel Kamen no kokuhaku (Confessions of a Mask), which was exploring the difficulties of homosexual culture in Japanese society, was published in 1949 and marked a start of bright career and great worldwide popularity of Mishima. In his works Mshima was discussing the issues of love, death, suicide, human beauty and sexuality, personal and religious values, etc. The novels which are the most known in America and Europe include The Sound of Waves (1954), The Temple of the Golden Pavilion (1956), After the Banquet (1960) and, finally, the trilogy The Sea of Fertility (1969-71), which describes the fall of Japanese culture in the beginning of the 20th century. His writing style can be characterized with unique presentation and paying a lot of attention to details, along with engaging some exclusive allegories and elements of paradoxes. But certainly, Yukio Mishima was greatly esteemed on his own lands for his numerous theatre plays. With his pieces The Damask Drum, Hanjo, Kantan and others, he is supposed to be the first writer of modern times who worked in old-fashioned Noh theater style. Several dramas, including Madame de Sad and My Friend Hitler, were written in modern genre Shingeki. Besides, Mishima wrote a number of plays in traditional Kabuki style, which requires some special talent and very rich cultural background. It is necessary to mention that traditional Japanese values were of great importance for Mishima, influencing significantly his life and works. He was particularly disturbed by global imagination about Japan as â€Å"a nation of flower arrangers†, so he devoted his life to reviving of bushido, the traditional code of conduct and values of samurais. Also, he was a fierce antagonist of any Westernization of Japan, arguing in public to spend every effort on preserving Japanese culture and traditions. (Schoenberg Trudeau). As a real Japanese patriot, Mishima had a reputation for discipline, order and self-organization. He used to work on his literary masterpieces from sunset to dawn, spending the daytime in his various social activities. Mishima was three times nominated for the Noble Prize for Literature. He died in November 1970, committing a spectacular ritual suicide seppuku after his unsuccessful speech against the existing pro-American Japanese constitution and anti-emperor regime. Bibliography: †¢ Liukkonen, P. (2003). Yukio Mishima 1925-1970. Pegasus. Kuusankosken kaupunginkirjasto, Finland. Retrieved May 29, 2007, from http://www. kirjasto. sci. fi/mishima. htm . †¢ Schoenberg, T. L. Lawrence J. Trudeau (Eds.) (2006). Mishima, Yukio:   eNotes. com. Retrieved May 29, 2007, from http://www. enotes. com/twentieth-century-criticism/mishima-yukio/introduction? print=1. †¢ Yukio Mishima. (2005, November 18). UXL Newsmakers. 5-6 (1): 87-88. †¢ Yukio Mishima: A 20th Century Warrior. (1995, January March). New Dawn Magazine. 29 (1): 23-24.

Oedipal Complex in Hamlet Essay -- Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

Hamlet and the Oedipal Complex    In Shakespeare's Hamlet, the title character's main, and only flaw, is his delay. This seems to constitute the central part in Hamlet. By the definition of tragedy, there should exist a flaw in the character of the main hero, who is a great personality that is engaged in a struggle that ends catastrophically. Various reasons for Hamlet's delay are given. Important issues like madness, melancholy and cowardice are discussed, but the evidence reveals that he is capable of swift action, we deem him as an intelligent man and can therefore conclude that he is only pretending madness. To regard him simply as suffering from melancholy is not a sufficient explanation as he is eager to avenge the death of his father, but cannot bring himself to take action. It is obvious that the reason for not carrying out the revenge is not due to any moral apprehensions or fear of divine retribution. There is something special about this task that makes it impossible for Hamlet to carry out th e deed. The inability to take action stems from distinctive feelings within Hamlet, his Oedipal Complex. Hamlet has the perfect opportunity to kill Claudius in Act 3 Scene 3, yet he fails to seize it. He fears that killing Claudius will automatically send Claudius to heaven without punishment. Hamlet himself remarks: "And now I'll do't. And so `a goes to heaven; and so I am revenged. That would be scanned: A villain kills my father, and for that I, his sole son do this same villain to heaven." (3.3.74-78). Hamlet may believe he is delaying from fear of sending Claudius to a "heavenly" afterlife; however, there are times when Hamlet could have killed Claudius when he was not at prayer. Claudius is not ... ... he is delaying out of fear is invalid. Hamlet also may have plenty of time to kill Claudius when he is not in prayer, so any interpretation that includes Hamlet's concerns for Claudius' afterlife is also invalid. Both of these interpretations rely on Hamlet being conscious of his actions. If Hamlet is not conscious of his behaviour, it must be because his desire stems from that part of him in which he is unaware, his id. Works Cited and Consulted Guerin, Wilfred L., Earle Labor, Lee Morgan, Jeanne C. Reeseman, and John R. Willingham. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Leong, Virginia. "The Oedipal Complex." 06 December 1997. (07 December 1997) Shakespeare, William. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. The Riverside Shakespeare. ED. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Haughton Mifflin Company, 1974.

Loneliness to Insanity and Madness in A Rose for Emily and The Yellow W

From Loneliness to Insanity in A Rose for Emily and The Yellow Wall-Paper      Ã‚   In The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir states that within a patriarchal society "woman does not enjoy the dignity of being a person; she herself forms a part of the patrimony of a man: first of her father, then of her husband" (82-3). Both Emily Grierson in William Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily" and the narrator of Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall-Paper" are forced into solitude simply because they are women. Emily's father rejects all of her prospective mates; the husband of Gilman's narrator isolates her from stimulation of any kind. Eventually, Emily is a recluse trapped in a deprecated home, and the narrator in Gilman's story is a delusional woman confined to her bed. A study of the characterization and setting of "A Rose for Emily" and "The Yellow Wall-Paper" demonstrates how the oppressive nature of patriarchy drives the women in both stories insane.    The "patrimony of a man" destroys Emily as her father smothers her with his over-protectiveness. He prevents her from courting anyone as "none of the young men were quite good enough for Miss Emily and such" (82). When her father dies, Emily refuses to acknowledge his death; "[W]ith nothing left, she . . . [had] to cling to that which had robbed her" (83). When she finally begins a relationship after his death, she unfortunately falls for Homer Baron who "liked m... ...Jellife. Tokyo: Kenkyusha, 1956.    ---. Faulkner in the University. Ed. Frederick L. Gwynn and Joseph L. Blotner. Charlottesville: U of Virginia P, 1959.    ---. "A Rose for Emily." Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. 3rd ed. Orlando: Harcourt, 1997. 80-87.    Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. "Why I Wrote 'The Yellow Wall-Paper.'" The Forerunner. October 1913. Online. An American Literature Survey Site. 14 November 1998. Available HTTP: www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~daniel/amlit/index.html    ---. "The Yellow Wall-Paper." Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. 3rd ed. Orlando: Harcourt, 1997. 160-73.

Our Emotions Diary

Identifying and measuring our emotions is difficult because it is not easy to objectively assess what we are feeling at that specific situation for emotions are subjective experiences. To accurately identify the range of our emotions and to classify it correctly takes greater control and self-awareness that I could not possibly muster. I have tried to identify the emotions based on the situations that triggered it. The James-Lange theory of emotion said that we first have physiological responses to a situation and only then will we interpret those experiences to determine the present emotion (Zajonc & McIntosh, 1992).Which is actually how most of us respond to an situation, like when I knew I felt anxious because I was feeling uneasy by getting late for class. On the other hand, I also felt confused on whether I got it mixed up; whether I experienced the situation and then the physiological arousal together with the emotion occurred at the same time, the Cannon-Bard theory supports t his explanation although they did not give much importance to the thoughts that occur during that experience (Stein, Trabasso & Liwag, 1993).Although, we get to experience a myriad of emotions and in varying degrees, some emotions are easier to identify like happiness and anger, while differentiating being upset from being sad is difficult. I could categorize it according to whether it is positive or negative and when I smiled I knew that I was happy at that time. Facial feedback theory says that the facial changes that occur in response to an event cues our brain and then define what kind of emotion we feel at that moment (Strongman, 1996).I also observed that we tend to respond to facial expressions, like when a person burst into tears we know that she is sad or afraid. With this activity, I learned that emotions, physical arousal, cognitive thoughts, and our brain interact together to produce different emotions. As to how all these element interact remains to be discovered, which I think will always be an aspect that will remain a mystery. References Stein, N., Trabasso, T. & Liwag, M. (1993). The representation and organization of emotional experience: Unfolding the emotion episode. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of Emotions (pp. 279-300). New York: Guilford. Strongman, K. (1996). The Psychology of Emotion: Theories of Emotion in Perspective, 4th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Zajonc, R. & McIntosh, D. (1992). Emotions research: Some promising questions and some questionable promises. Psychological Science, 3, 70-74.

History of Nursing Essays

History of Nursing Essays History of Nursing Essay History of Nursing Essay The history of nursing research begins with Florence Nightingale. In fact, it is nursing research that governs and determines the elements of the nursing practice in general. Great care, detail, and educational study comprises nursing research. When a nurse makes a medical decision, it is believed that he or she will make judgments that are supported by and characteristic of the current trends in nursing research. If a nurse does not act in harmony with nursing research, he or she may be held liable f medical neglect. Therefore, it is imperative that all who are in the nursing profession stay current with the latest developments In nursing education as well as research. There are two main areas of research that are applicable to the nursing profession. These include Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Quantitative research focuses on results in nursing that is measurably by the use of testing controlled trial settings, and visible statistics. Quantitative basically means that something may be measured, and when describing research, Quantitative refers to results that may be measured. Aquaculture Research focuses on the quality of the result or approach as experienced by the patient. Where you can understand Quantitative research as being the facts, or the what, where, and when of the facts used in research, Qualitative research refers to the who and whiff questions. For example, Who did this method work for, and why was he method or treatment effective? Medicine has evolved through a number of theories over the centuries, and the field of nursing is no different. Before a practice can be accepted as being effective medicine, It must be carefully researched, tested, and the results measured. This research begins with the use of the Scientific Method and culminates In case studies. Clinical trials, and using measurable standards to determine the results.

The Changing Relationship between the Generations Youth Studies Australia

The Changing Relationship between the Generations Youth Studies Australia In the contemporary world, the media advocates for the generational changes and the effect it has towards the economy; Australia is no exception. Most of the articles in the Australian society analyze the negative implications of generational changes.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Changing Relationship between the Generations’ Youth Studies Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, these arguments don not stay for long as they are ultimately forgotten. This is unlike 30 years ago when generational change had an impact to the media and society. Michael Pusey, in his article, argues that the current relations between the young and old generation have been characterized by the mirror-opposite appearance than those, which pre-occupied the social media 30 years back. Indeed, the adversity of the generational gap in the current society is the vital issue that Pusey expresses in his article . According to Pusey (2007), the generational gap has been ignored in the current Australia economy. After the World War II, Australian government shared the resources equally as they were focused majorly on the gap that existed between the generations. The author argues that for the national income to be distributed equally in the economy, cultural conflicts should be addressed. Indeed, inequalities do exist between the baby boomers and their children and this has necessitated food insecurity among the residents. Therefore, it is critical that the concerned party needs to address the effect of generation change. Upon putting into consideration the impeccable effects that will be faced in the economy, the government will ensure economic tranquillity. In regard to the current economy reforms of Australia, the author argues that it does not favour the young generation the way it favoured the older generation. In addition, the author argues that in the near future, the young generation will be subjected to unnecessary responsibilities. As there are large numbers of retirees, the author claims that they will all be depending on the young generation for income support. With the existence of high unemployment rate in the current economy, the youth will be imposed with burden when footing the retirement bill for the older generation (Norton, 2003). As such, it increased the generational gap in the near future.Advertising Looking for critical writing on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the mirror-opposite appearance in the generational change is evidenced by the income distribution. It is important to note that economic restructuring is long term. This implies that any changes in the income distribution in the economy will not be effected until after a period of 20 years; as illustrated by the Australian economy. Ideally, the older generation believed that men were the brea dwinners in the family and the speculated income distribution for 20 years focused on the Men’s income. In the current economy, the women are also breadwinners in the household and the comparable figures will be misleading leading to generational gap. Consequently, the lifetime income has decreased due to lack of regulation in the labour market by the Australian government. In the older generation, lifetime income was extremely high unlike in the current society. This has been attributed to the increase in longevity in the current generation (Pusey, 2003). The compressed retirement benefits have been squeezed, and as an individual retires at an age of 55 years, one has 25 years more to budget for this small amount of retirement benefits. This was not the case in the past as they were able to access a huge amount of retirement benefits. As they had a lifespan of 65 years, they had only 10 years to budget for their retirement benefits. This clearly shows a mirror-opposite appea rance in the generational change. In addition, unlike the past, finance and superannuation have been degenerated. After the government privatised the superannuation industry, there has been an imposition of fees and charges by the financial institutions. This imposes a burden to families in supporting the new generation in their endeavour. Other factors that have increased the generation gap include deregulation of housing loans, and privatisation of health and education. The issues leading to the generational gap, as highlighted above, are relevant to the course. The government will impose measures necessary to combat the increase in the generational gap. This will have a positive impact on the international relations, as such, enhancing their economical stability among the new and older generation.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Changing Relationship between the Generations’ Youth Studies Australia specifically for you for only $1 6.05 $11/page Learn More International relations focus on understanding of the geographical territories regarding the economies, politics, cultural believes among others. In order to meet the international relations’ demands, the government needs to stabilize the internal forces; among them is the generational gap. In this article, Michael Pusey (2007) argues that, although the reforms put in place in the economic front have produced results, especially by creating wealth to a majority of people on the verge of retirement, the legacy of this wealth could as well be a starting point for what the author call an economic gap. According to Pusey (2003), Australia has experienced a good boom, which was underpinned by historically low rates of unemployment and a high demand for the countries mineral resources. Indeed, as the author posits that the economic boom hid something bigger. According to Pusey, the talk of economic boom, masked incomes in those real incomes were not increasing. It would not be possible for the young generation to generate as much income as the one that is retiring at the moment. In economic terms, then this is a big problem as it is the starting point for greater income inequalities among generations. However on the cultural side it is a very impressive story because people are able to relate with other well in a manner that was not so in the last 30 to 40 years or so. At this time, according to Pusey, there were many prejudices and conservative moral obligations (Pusey, 2007). However, at the moment about one third of the young generations are staying with their parents whom they see as their most influential people in their lives, even more important to them that their peers. Indeed even the parents claim to enjoy the presence of their children. In short, the author makes two assumptions. One is that the economic boom was responsible for the widening generation gap. The second assumption was that culture has an impor tant part to play in bringing the generation gap.Advertising Looking for critical writing on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Pusey (2007), unemployment rates have gone up, that the young people do not get into full employment until the age of 27 or 28. However, his argument does not seem to hold much water and seem to rest on public opinions. The author has not shown explicitly whether the economic conditions, that are responsible for the widening generation gap, did exist. In addition, he has not shown how these conditions were shaped by the economic reform of the last twenty or so years. In his claim that the economic reforms were responsible for increased unemployment, the author fails to explain why unemployment went up and down during the era of economic reforms as it can be deduced from his own data (Norton, 2003). Michael Pusey believes that economic reform was a direct result of the cold war and that families are the biggest losers because of economic reforms. This is because they are caught in the middle of economic reforms and cultural norms and values that are inherited from the pa rents. However, Pusey seems not to offer a balance approach in his blanket condemnation of economic reforms. There is no mention of factors such as advancements in technology or even shifts in consumer preferences, and natural disasters that occurred in the time the author tends to refers to. On the cultural side, the author shows how family values and norms bridge the gap brought about by economic reforms. Parents are doing what the author call â€Å"intergenerational transfers.† The parents are using their money to help children put up a deposit for their homes, and also they are helping the children pay off HECS. Therefore, culture plays an important part in compensating the destruction brought about by economic reforms. The issues raised by the author are important in understanding the building blocks of a vibrant society. References Norton, A. (2003). Michael in a Muddle: Michael Pusey’s bungled attack on economic reform. Issue Analysis 34(2): 1-9. Pusey, M. (2003 ). The Experience of Middle Australia: The Dark Side of Economic Reform, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press Pusey, M. (2003), ‘An Australian story: The Troubling Experience of Economic Reform’ Australian Senate Occasional Lecture Series, Parliament House, retrieved from web. Pusey, M. (2007), ‘The Changing Relationship between the Generations †¦ It Could Even be Good News’, Youth Studies Australia 26(1): 9-17.

birth rates Essays

birth rates Essays birth rates Essay birth rates Essay As the birth rates in recent years have been declined rapidly, the social issues that associate with older peoples social care come in quick succession. It is important to find out the way in solving these severe problems instead of ignoring. Therefore, this essay would analyze the approaches that different countries used and obtain the most sustainable way in order to achieve the social balance. Before comparing the elderlies social care approaches in different countries, providing the backgrounds of different countries are essential in analyzing which country has the best and the most sustainable approach. The information of the background must be included the proportion of senior citizen in these countries, the requirement of social care from the older people, and also the budget that the government invested in those services. In general, the situation of UK has no different from other countries. The proportion of older people in the I-JK society is increasing as there are more people becoming older. According to a report of population in I-JK, in 2010, there were about 640 thousands people turned 65 and in 2012, it is fgured out that there were about 800 thousands people turned 65. Later life in the United Kingdom, 2013) There is a 25% increase in the number of people turned 65 between these two years. Then, the total number of the elders aged 65 or above in UK is 10. 3 million, which is 16% of the total population in I-JK (63. 76 million populations). In this essay, Japan is chosen as the comparing group with the United Kingdom. Today, the population in Japan is about 126 millions, which is one of the larger population countries in the world. The country also experienced a losing population in recent years because of decreasing birth rates and no net immigration from other oreign countries. Japan also faces the ageing problem due to a huge increase in the amount of elderly. Refer to the statistic of population of Japan in 2010, there was 22. 6% of total population being aged 65 or above, which means there are nearly 29 million people aged 65 or above. This shows that Japan faced a serious ageing problem. For the elderlys need, older people are in the majority using health and social care services in the I-JK. Older people visit their General practitioners more frequently compared to younger adults, besides, they are the main users of both outpatient and npatient hospital services (ONS 2002). Also, about 33% of all I-JK hospital admissions and about 66% of the hospital beds are used by people who aged 65 years or above (DH 2000). In the period of 1972 and 2001, the number of old people who visited an emergency department is sharply increased from about 12% to 26%, which is more than doubled. This shows that the demand of elderly health service is rapidly increasing. Moreover, there was 43% of all NHS spent on hospital and community health services (HCHS) distributed to people aged 65 years and above in 2003 2004. expenditure. However, two-thirds of NHS clients who are aged 65 or above claimed that they only receive two-fifths of the total expenditure. Some of them said that it is difficult to have a surgery or get into a local hospital. And 64% of old people think that the health and care staffs do not treat them with respect for their dignity. That means there is a big difference between the society and the old people and the welfare system in UK is not good and fair to the elderly. The country containing with the most senior citizens in the world is Japan. It has the worlds highest proportion of senior citizen. Also has the largest number of centenarians. It can be seen as the consequence of the Japans tradition. Older people in Japan are lived with their family and with strong family care in general. And the children and other family members would take the responsibility of taking care the dependent older genitor in enlarged family living orders. They think that they have to respect to the old people because their contribution in the young age. However, there are some characteristics in reality extended family care. For instance, disturbing disregard and abuse of vulnerable senior people. Also left their senior parents with no medical need in hospitals in order to abandon them. Therefore, the Japan government had made a social care policy innovation. It loosens the restrictions of the range of service transmission past traditional family convention. But it is not helpful in solving both care-giving hell and social hospitalisation. In 20 century, in order to maintain the independent health and social care systems, the means-tested measures are under close surveillance. Based on the reform, Long- Term Care Insurance (LTCI) program was stocked with the taxation and insurance remiums paid by citizens aged over 39 since 2000. It offers an extensive range of care service transmissions beyond traditional family convention. Also, it developed an inter-help system of regional people under a time-banking system. Volunteers earn time credits for looking after for senior people in their social network. After discussing the situation in the I-JK and Japan, we will compare the effectiveness and the sustainability of the social care scheme in these two countries. It seems that the Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) scheme in Japan secure better living style of the elderly. This scheme is not only supported by taxation, but also the insurance premiums paid by citizens who aged above 40. This can reduce the tax burden of the general public (especially for the younger generation) in elderly health services. Moreover, it can ensure the elder people could receive a good medical treatment when after they retired as they are required to pay a fixed amount of premiums after aged of 40. Therefore, in terms of sustainability, the Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) program in Japan is the most sustainable in the future. On the other hand, the National Health Service (NHS) in UK is responsible for the free ealth care to the citizen. Huge amount of fund is needed as this scheme is fully supported by the government (tax-payers). In terms of sustainability, there are two disadvantages in this scheme. First of all, it shifts the financial burden of elderly health services to the government and the tax-payers. This increases the tax burden employments and birth rate. This is not good to the society in the long run as it is not sustainable. Secondly, with a rapidly increase elderly, the supply of elderly medical services may insufficient to satisfy all the needs of the elderly. The elderly may need o queue for a long time in order to receive a medical treatment or surgery. They may not able to enjoy medical treatment immediately when they are in need. As a result, the I-JK scheme is not sustainable in the future as it requires a large amount of fund to support this scheme. After the comparison between the UKs approach and the Japans approach, we may find out that the Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) program in Japan is likely to be most sustainable in the future. Although Japan has the worlds highest proportion of senior citizens and the largest number of centenarians, it has a complete social ealth care scheme which supports the health care of the elderly after they retired. Therefore, social health care is not a big financial burden for the Japan government due to the aid of the Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) program. Although the UK also faced the similar problem in social health care, the situation in the I-JK is much more worsen than the situation in Japan even it has smaller proportion of older people when compare to Japan. This is mainly due to the failure of the National Health Service (NHS) which makes the I-JK suffers from a severe situation on social care of lderly. The high operation cost has reduced the sustainability of this scheme as it shift and increase the tax burden to the younger generation. Therefore, it seems that the UK government should follow the approach of Japan, which is the Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) program, in order to have a sustainable social health care scheme. According to the estimation, the number of people in the UK who aged over 65 years will be rose by about 400 thousands in the next three years, especially the number of people aged over 85. (Wise, J. , 2008). If we follow the ld National Health Service (NHS) scheme, the financial burden of the government and the tax-payers will significantly increase, which is not good in terms of sustainability. As a result, the I-JK government should learn from the Japan government and change the social health care system into a scheme which is supported by taxation and insurance premiums. In conclusion, if the I-JK government combined the social health care system with taxation and insurance premiums, the financial burden of the government could be reduced and huge benefits would be gained by the society.

Nitrogen removal from wastewater using anaerobic ammonium oxidation Term Paper

Nitrogen removal from wastewater using anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) process - Term Paper Example Generally, this bacterial can be found almost everywhere. Findings have shown that the contribution of this bacterium on the removal of nitrogen in the environment can be immense. The process, said to be chemolithrophic, is a very new loop in the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle hitherto unknown to engineering (Dong & Sun, 2007). While there is very little, that is known about the ecology, genetics, or even the physiology of the bacteria, this research project will be very important in shedding some light on the community structure of the Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation bacterial and all their involvement in environmental parameters that include nitrate, ammonium, and the salinity levels. This project discusses the effects of pH and salinity on the anammox process with results showing that the salinity is among the few factors that are really affecting the effectiveness of the whole process. My thanks go to Mr. XXXX through whose guidance I have learned molecular techniques used for the investigation of bacteria. It is due to his patient and undying support that pushed this study through. A good and encouraging attitude and his excitement about this work encouraged me to explore deeper into learning as much as possible in the process. I wish to also thank Ms. YYYY who also made this research a success through teaching me about the most fundamental and traditional microbiology techniques. Mr. QQQQ introduced the isotope ratio mass spectrometer to me. He was also very encouraging and it was through his words of wisdom that the concept behind stable isotope geochemistry became one that I can handle well, and with ease. This research owes its completion to WWWW who collected the sediment samples from XXX Estuary. All the other members of the microbiology laboratory were very helpful throughout my visits to the lab. It was their long, well-informed discussions that made the research a success, and I will forever cherish such

How People Dress Affects Their Lives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

How People Dress Affects Their Lives - Essay Example Despite my abilities, characteristics or beliefs as a person, it is the first judgment which individuals see which causes them to place me in a category and to create expectations surrounding my belief system. This is not only recognized with high society comments and belief systems, but the judgments are now being taught to children. There are several personal examples which I can associate with that relate to the fashion statements I make directly affecting my place in life. One is when I went to a job interview to work for a small business. The business was a clothing store that only had been functioning for two years and which needed an individual to design the clothes. When I was called for the interview, I was told that I had a good chance of being able to join the team and help with the growth of the company. However, I made the mistake of dressing casually in jeans and in a t-shirt. Even though there wasn’t a dress code which was taken, the employer immediately told me that I wasn’t fit for the job because I didn’t look professional. The judgment that was made was based on the belief that my casual appearance also meant that I didn’t take the time to prepare for the interview and that I wasn’t taking the job seriously enough. ... The concept which is associated with dress is one that is based on the accepted beliefs of fashion judgments. My personal scenario is one of several cases related to fashion judgment, which indicates that one’s self worth is dependent on what they wear. This extends into a sociological problem that is now taught with deeper significance within society. Sociologists, cultural historians and moralists have all attributed the problems with judgments and stereotypes as one based with a specific part of an individual which looks in a certain way. This is the basis of racial forms of division, stereotypes, prejudice, gender differences and biases and other problems with generalized identities which create divisions among individuals within society. The concept of creating a judgment over one’s identity becomes the main question, specifically because it is an expected part of society. This is followed by the belief that each individual needs to be involved with fashion for cre ating a specific identity. Vieria, a marketing specialist in fashion states: â€Å"In the last decades, the market is feeling that the consumers are monitoring more in their fashion environment. In this context, fashion clothing appears to become so important that many people are becoming involved in it as an identity† (Vieria, 179). The concept of involvement leads to one judging themselves and others. It has been found that these judgments are now reaching into age as well as a rise in commitment to creating value of life through the judgments of fashion and the new styles and trends which are apparent within society (Vieria, 179). The concept of fashion judgment isn’t one that is just accepted within society and the roles it takes.

Research Proposal on 'Development Aid and Governance' Essay

Research Proposal on 'Development Aid and Governance' - Essay Example Bibliography Background/Problem Statement The effectiveness or lack of aid has been a rather recurring issue/terminology in the glossary of the development aid industry in recent times. Contrastingly, two decades ago, development donors or aid donors would not hesitate to provide funding to governments and organisations for developmental purposes (De Haan, 2009). Among those who benefitted during this past period of improved donor and aid activities were third world and developing countries in regions such as Africa and Asia in which countries such as Zaire under Mobutu and Philippines under Marcos benefitted. With this level of funding, these beneficiary regimes started to mismanage these aids to hitherto unseen corruption levels. These high levels of bad governance and corruption have made donors such as financial institutions and industrial powers to refrain from funding development projects in excessively corrupt governments, countries, and groups (De Haan, 2009). Aid donors have since recognized and established that giving aids to governments with ineffective policies is a practice that is rather wasteful. Instead, more efforts and emphasis have been directed at countries and regions with sound domestic reform policies. Nonetheless, donors’ narrow political objectives still feature in most of the aid decisions in the contemporary society. There is, thus, the need for the official donor aid community to commit to the improvement of aid effectiveness by establishing more proficient and standardized coordination mechanisms. Fortunately, some forums such as the Aid Effectiveness High Level Forum (HLF) in Rome in 2003 and the Paris Declaration in the second HLF in 2005 were moves in the right direction for aid governance. Although these forums focused on donor coordination and harmonisation, the issues of governance, public management, and corruption also featured prominently during the deliberations (Stokke, 2009). In regard to aid management, the suppl y side featured prominently in relation to public finance management and country procurement systems. It was not only corruption, which was mentioned as a problem, but commitments were also made on transparency and accountability by both donors and recipients. Poor governance, corruption, and bad public management of finance and procurement are thus among the major challenges that the aid industry has encountered for quite some time and mechanisms and strategies to counter their influence are in order (Lancaster, 2006). Research Objectives This research, therefore, sets forth several objectives, including the need to address the rampant corruption and mismanagement that hamper the successful implementation and realization of donor aid projects. The research seeks solution to the derailing progress in realising mutual accountability by both donors and recipients in aid-project implementation. Addressing the issue of commitment by donors and recipients in the aid effectiveness agenda is the other objective of this research. An improvement on the wanting coordination capacity of recipient governments is the other objective of this research. Moreover, this research also seeks to emphasize the central role that commitment on transparency, in conjunction with sound governance and anticorruption, plays in the aid industry. Finally, this research aims at highlighting the effects of the failure by stakeholders to address the developmental aid problems associated with bad governance and corruption on aid management.

Oxfam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Oxfam - Assignment Example In all that Oxfam does, the organization regards the contribution of partner organizations as essential and the inclusion of susceptible men and women inevitable to bring the injustices that underlie poverty to an end. Oxfam’s Geneva office bears the same objectives – to alleviate poverty (Oxfam, 1). This paper introduces the specific activities endowed to the Geneva, Switzerland offices in the collective goal of poverty reduction. In addition, this paper highlights the different ways through which Oxfam interacts with partner organizations and works with poor people to achieve its objective. Oxfam’s Geneva offices are advocacy offices that work towards influencing key organizations from various parts of the world to take part in poverty alleviation. Oxfam Geneva approaches and interacts with organizations such as WTO, UNHCR, ICRC, UNCTAD, and OCHA, directly and indirectly. Oxfam also incorporates Geneva based civil society organizations and groups in its activities. The structure of the Geneva, Switzerland offices allow the organization to assess and develop strategies regarding global humanitarian matters, in specific humanitarian system development, disaster risk minimization, and global reactions to disasters and humanitarian crises in which the organization takes part on the ground. Other activities that take place in the Geneva offices include lobbying and development of an alliance to support agriculture and food security, access to medications, and climate change. Additionally, Oxfams Geneva offices conduct petitioning at the World Trade Organization (WTO) concerning poverty alleviation (Oxfam,

Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Exam - Essay Example is the pros and cons of withdrawing my services and return all the money paid by the pharmaceutical company or continue with the project and turn a blind eye to the side effects of the drug. I would not continue with the project because of guilt conscience that would torment me for the rest of my life considering that I may have contributed to the death or paralysis or even permanent brain damage of an individual due to my greed for money and fear or being bankrupt, which all add up to selfishness and individualism. It will also mean that I will be looking over my shoulders each time and jumping every time I hear police siren for fear of being incriminated as a participant. It is therefore better for me to be declared bankrupt than to â€Å"kill† humanity and live with anxiety and torture for the rest of my life. b) Avoidance of such a situation in future is by carrying out a complete background check on the clients before entering into any contracts with them. This will ensure the protection of the business and all the personnel there and also act to uphold the integrity of the firm or company. A blemish in the background check that could have serious implications for the firm in future should not be ignored. It is better to lose that contract then than to have future problems like the one discussed above. c) If such a scenario as the one presented above is unavoidable, it is better to have damage control strategies like having lawyers for the firm who can defend the firm in case things go haywire in future. The other way is to have an exit strategy like having invested in other types of businesses or having money saved somewhere which you can use to start a new business elsewhere. Insurance cover also comes in handy in such a situation and all these are measure to protect you, the staff and the business or firm. a) Encryption is codifying information so that others cannot be able to access it or understand it without having the code specially made for that

Oxfam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Oxfam - Assignment Example In all that Oxfam does, the organization regards the contribution of partner organizations as essential and the inclusion of susceptible men and women inevitable to bring the injustices that underlie poverty to an end. Oxfam’s Geneva office bears the same objectives – to alleviate poverty (Oxfam, 1). This paper introduces the specific activities endowed to the Geneva, Switzerland offices in the collective goal of poverty reduction. In addition, this paper highlights the different ways through which Oxfam interacts with partner organizations and works with poor people to achieve its objective. Oxfam’s Geneva offices are advocacy offices that work towards influencing key organizations from various parts of the world to take part in poverty alleviation. Oxfam Geneva approaches and interacts with organizations such as WTO, UNHCR, ICRC, UNCTAD, and OCHA, directly and indirectly. Oxfam also incorporates Geneva based civil society organizations and groups in its activities. The structure of the Geneva, Switzerland offices allow the organization to assess and develop strategies regarding global humanitarian matters, in specific humanitarian system development, disaster risk minimization, and global reactions to disasters and humanitarian crises in which the organization takes part on the ground. Other activities that take place in the Geneva offices include lobbying and development of an alliance to support agriculture and food security, access to medications, and climate change. Additionally, Oxfams Geneva offices conduct petitioning at the World Trade Organization (WTO) concerning poverty alleviation (Oxfam,

Managing Director on WTO Impact and Helping Enter New Markets Dissertation

Managing Director on WTO Impact and Helping Enter New Markets - Dissertation Example Also, the access to previously untapped markets has greatly helped the global economy as well as the different efforts of various countries and their governments to fight off poverty. Indeed, the economic activity that has been fuelled by trade liberalisation has contributed positively to the overall struggle to help ease poverty albeit there remain some countries as well as sectors that have yet to benefit fully from free trade (Mortishead 2006). Still, it cannot be denied that overall; free trade has provided immense opportunities that companies can take advantage of. Thus, for companies that are targeting to go global, it is important to factor in to their strategies the innate benefits of free trade that consumers have come to expect as well as the prospect of having more competitors and intricate transactions in the complex global marketplace (Wyld and Thomas 2011). Background, Aims and Objectives The liberalisation of trade has enabled globalization to gain much traction by all owing access to companies to previously untapped markets as well to take advantage of the different competitive advantages of various countries that can help them mitigate their costs and thereby increase their respective bottomlines. From its early years, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to its current WTO form, the organisation has pushed for greater trade liberalisation in order to maximize the potential of various nations as well as to hear out the pressing concerns that are being voiced out by member countries. Encouragingly, the recent Uruguay round has ushered in new, better and more binding agreements since there are more trade issues that have been sealed by more member nations compared to previous WTO rounds (A Round to End All Rounds, 2011). The increase in the trade agreements as well as the more numerous number of members that have joined together for the Uruguay round has greatly boosted the scope of trade liberalisation. Also, the membership of the pr eviously reclusive China has vastly increased the size of the global market since this country has the largest population all over the world. Consequently, there have been important policy adjustments that have been promulgated by the Chinese to support their membership to the global marketplace. Hence, there have been adjustments in their economic policies as well as their social and legal systems in order for them to qualify for WTO membership. Probably the most important of this was the lowering of their tariffs which have previously barred foreign competitors from entering their economy (Chow 2001). Another important contribution by trade liberalisation was the rise of the private sector which has immensely contributed to the growth of their respective economies and aggregately to the global economy as a whole (Wharton University Articles 2006). The free flow of products and services has also been accompanies by the flow of capital from the richer countries to the developing cou ntries. All these have been made possible when borders and barriers have been significantly brought down by free trade (Wacziarg and Spolaore 2004). Hence, there has been a strong improvement of the global economy as a whole with these important reforms that has been the fruit of having a strengthened free trade and the demolition or easing of protectionist policies between nations. Thus, companies are able to move freely across the borders of different nations gaining important new markets for their products as well as possible cheaper labour that are

Organizational Characteristics Essay Example for Free

Organizational Characteristics Essay This paper will describe the culture and the organizational characteristics of a chosen organization, Publix Supermarkets. Detailed throughout will be the common characteristics of the organization as it operates on a day to day basis. Specifically the system based on individual units, rules and norms expected of the associates and supervisors as well as the hierarchy will be established for the reader to garner a better understanding. Furthermore, the communication networks, organizational orientation, approaches to and by leadership members, as well as the decision making and communication procedures put forth by members of management will be analyzed. This paper will describe which 4 of these listed characteristics are most influenced by communication between members and levels of Publix Supermarkets. The author has been employed with this supermarket chain for more than 7 years and has ample knowledge and understanding on the organization as a whole. Common Characteristics of an Organization Publix Supermarkets is a grocery chain unlike many others for a variety of reasons. Founded in 1930 in Winter haven, Florida by George W. Jenkins, Publix is known for its customer first atmosphere and pleasurable shopping experience. The grocery chain whose motto states they will never knowingly disappoint their customers operates in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and Tennessee and currently has more than 1000 stores in operation (Publix.com). Jenkins’ supermarket chain has continued to grow on their customer friendly business sense. Publix has since become a Fortune 500 company and is privately held and owned by its employees. For as well as they treat their customers, the chain treats its associates and management staff just as well if not better. Publix workers who have been with the company a base number of years receive shares of stock for every 1000 hours worked, and can purchase more shares of stock at almost any time during a given year. The grocery chain is also well known for its high ranking employee benefits and treatment in the employment world. Rules/Norms (Written and Unwritten) Outside of the big green P logo, the Publix atmosphere is what customers relate to with the chain more than anything else. Communication with customers is a major asset in following proper Publix protocol. The smiling helpful associates, clean stores, and consumer friendly set up of product is where Publix truly prides itself as an organization. Each experience ends with a friendly cashier and bagger, and the bagger will always bring the customer to their vehicle and help load product into the car for them. Believe it or not this all relates to performance evaluations that are done quarterly, where associates are evaluated on their behavior amongst the customers. Customer intimacy is something Publix takes very seriously. The Publix image extends onto its associates as well. All employees are expected to show up to work on time and be clean shaven in full clean uniform attire. Each department and job class has their own specific uniform; however all include proper hygiene, reasonable hairstyling, and proper equipment to perform their tasks to better serve the shoppers. Publix is an organization that understands how to promote their brand by utilizing all available options to do so. Clean stores and clean happy associates promote the â€Å"Publix Way.† This plays a major role in nonverbal communication between Publix associates and their customers. Aside from dress code and customer relations, two major elements, there are many other standards Publix employees are held to. A good example of one unwritten Publix rule would be: communication between associates when out on the sales floor during business hours must be respectful, and if at all possible must include the customer. Also, outside from positive communication both verbal and nonverbal with customers and fellow associates employees are expected to communicate both effectively and respectfully with management teams as well. Hierarchy The Publix store level hierarchy is something that runs seemingly parallel in each department throughout the store. Each department and sub department have their chain of command as follows: part time associates, full time associates, assistant department manager, and department manager. The two major departments, grocery and customer service, have the most associates, in order to better supervise their employees there is a position called a team leader that fits into the hierarchy between the full time associates and the management team. Publix is a company that only promotes from within. This is a big selling point for associates and applicants alike. Knowing that the opportunity for advancement is always there is a major asset for the associates in the store. Communications between the different levels of the chain of command are fluid. The associates can go to their department managers, or team leaders, with any concern or idea. The department managers at store level then communicate with the store’s assistant manager and store manager about the associate’s ideas and concerns. Communication Networks The information Publix gathers through their retail channels is usually information based on product analysis and placement that they can pass down to the management teams at store levels to assess further. Ultimately the store will take the advice of corporate and try to taper the information in the way it works most effectively for each store. Each store can take the same information and depict it differently. Information about new products, events, or openings may not influence all stores, or influence them all at the same level. There are times, during major events like hurricanes, holidays, or back to school time, where Publix store level employees must take the information sent to them by corporate including sales figures and forecasts in order to build the proper displays and floor models for customers to browse. Having product out that customers take interest in can help drive sales. The communication between the different levels of Publix Supermarkets goes hand in hand with communication networks at the store level. Leadership Approaches A major tool in the line of communication at Publix is how they allow anyone who is willing to step up and be a leader, do so. When every associate feels that sense of empowerment in their employment it urges them to lead in a different way, work harder and do a better job to lead by example. Publix pushes their associates to be role models both in the stores, and in the community. The management teams are in place to ensure guidelines are followed, but showing quality leadership through positive communication means so much more. Communicating with leaders is always a situation associates take very seriously in any industry or business. This is no different in the retail world at Publix. Associates voice their concerns and feelings to their leaders, whether it be management, team leaders, or even fellow associates who take on the responsibility of leading a specific group. At Publix supermarkets the communication had with leadership is always something associates should come away from feeling they were heard out and understood, good virtue for any organization to sustain. Conclusion Publix through the years has become one of the most widely respected organizations in America. This is due to the quality product and customer service put out the grocery chain, but also playing a role in the respect factor is the culture of the organization. This of course starts at store level and works its way to the corporate ranks, and is in large part to do with positive, effective communication. Publix supermarkets are known throughout the world a company that is great to work for, just as much as they are to shop at. Through utilizing all of the common communication characteristics Publix has continued to promote a very associate friendly atmosphere through the years. The supermarket chain takes pride in the fact that each associate understands their value to their company and takes pride in hiring quality applicants. Publix utilizes its rules and norms, hierarchy, communication networks, and strong leadership approach in all day to day activities in order to remain a successful industry leader.

Why the price of computers keep falling despite increasing demand

Why the price of computers keep falling despite increasing demand Introduction Now a day, computers are the main source of connectivity among people. The major share of work i.e., college assignments, teaching lessons, work presentations are mostly dependent on the computers. And also doing a long distant chat for almost free, computer or information technology has enabled human being in coming out with the speedy solutions of almost everything. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer) A personal computer (PC) be can any general-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and original sales price make it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end user, with no intervening computer operator. Personal computers Software applications include word processing, spreadsheets, databases, Web browsers and e-mail clients, games, and myriad personal productivity and special-purpose software. Modern personal computers often have high-speed or dial-up connections to the Internet, allowing access to the World Wide Web and a wide range of other resources. In the free market condition the price of a product will be determined by the demand and the market supply of computers. In a market, Supply and demand is an economic model of price determination. It concludes that in a competitive market, price will function to equalize the quantity demanded by consumers, and the quantity supplied by producers, resulting in an economic equilibrium of price and quantity. If we look at computer market, the demand is keep on increasing and also at the same time the market supply also increasing. According to the law of demand and supply, when the demand is increased, the price goes up the free market. But in this particular computer market, demand is growing but, the price comes down gradually. That is the question of this assignment and, in this piece of work I am going to discuss the best possible reasons to that behavior. http://www.channelweb.co.uk/crn/news/2258012/uk-business-pc-market-decline In this assignment it will be discussed and analyzed the following topics. Explanation for why the price of personal computers has continued to fall even in the face of increasing demand. Conclusion Background Computer Market The UK personal computer market in 2008 was worth 12.81bn at end-user prices, an increase of 4.2% over 2007 and its highest level of output since 2000. However, it led to a fall of 8.2% in sales to 11.77bn during the recession in 2009. During the period from 2005 to 2008 personal computers (PCs) reported a higher annual growth, whereas peripherals and add-ons declined in total value sales. Therefore it was led to a negative growth of 3.3% over the period. In the consumer market, the better performance of PCs over the period, particularly, is attributed to sales of portables and particularly net books in the past year. Mobile computing is continuing to drive net book sales. Desktop computers have become less attractive and are in decline with more portables now being sold than desktops. Manufactures are expecting a rebound in sales in 2010 and full recovery by 2011 with positive. The principal analyst Ranjit Atwal at Gartner says The UK market for computers showed growth in Q4 for the first time this year. According to him, 70 per cent of the total PC market in the UK has also become heavily dependent on mobile PCs. The percentage of the UK market share Acer held on to the top spot in the UK with 19.1 per cent market share, HP held the second with 18.9 per cent. Dell was the third with 16.5 per cent, followed by Toshiba and Samsung with 10.4 per cent and 6.5 per cent respectively. He added that the total UK market [in terms of shipments] in Q4 was 3.8 million units. Even in the Western Europe Acer held 23.1 per cent of the market. HP was second again with 21.3 per cent, Dell was third with 9.9 per cent and Asus and Toshiba took fourth and fifth place with eight per cent and 6.2 per cent market share respectively. There is a significant growth in vendors such as Apple, Samsung, Lenovo and Sony also putting significant pressure on the top five vendors in Western Europe. Research has found that the UK computer market continued to struggle in 2009s closing quarter as western European counterparts return to growth. Market watcher IDC preliminary figures reveal that UK personal computer shipments in Q4 fell 1.7 per cent annually to 3.8 million. Notebook shipments were up 2.3 percent year on year to 2.9 million, while the desktop market slumped 12.8 per cent, with 878,000 units shipped. The emerging markets were collapsed when the crisis came, but now they are back to double digit growth. Likewise we observed that the market for the computers is expanding day by day in millions, but the cost of the computers are coming down gradually which is contrarily to the theory of the Demand and Supply. Therefore we are required to examine in deapth that, what are the triggers for such situation in real terms. http://www.mynewsdesk.com/uk/view/pressrelease/research-and-markets-computer- Explanation for why the price of personal computers has continued to fall even in the face of increasing demand. In this particular computer market, we understand that the price of personal computers has continued to fall even in the face of increasingly high demand, which is contrary to the law of demand and supply. That happens mainly because of the competition and increasing efficiency few more other reasons. In this case, Price remains constant or reducing and change in any other determinants causes demand or supply to rise. That results shifts in the demand of supply curves to the right or to left depending on the circumstances. Any other factors can be, Demand side The price of the other product. ie. Substitutes and complements. Income Population Preferences Future price expectations Supply side The price of other product, ie. Price of substitutes and complements The price of factors of production used to produce the computer. (land, labor, capital) Advancements of technologies. No of producers or size of the market. Future expectations. Now we will look at the demand side of the computer market. In the computer market there is a huge growth in demand day by day mostly due to the following reasons.. Price of the other product Substitutes: In todays world, there are no closer substitutes to the computer. People are using high tech mobile phones to do most of their computer related work for example sending and receiving e mails. Still it is not a closer substitute. Therefore the demand is increase and the demand curve is shifted to the right, increasing the price. Please see the diagram below. Complements: price of the complements also becoming lower when compared to the past few decades. In general, a companys strategic interest is going to be to get the price of their complements as low as possible. The lowest sustainable  price would be the commodity price the price that arises when you have a bunch of competitors offering indistinguishable goods. So: The smart companies try to reduce its complements price in order to capture the market. Ex. When IBM designed the PC architecture, they used off-the-shelf parts instead of custom parts, and they carefully documented the interfaces between the parts in the IBM-PC Technical Reference Manual. As long as you match the interface, you can be used in PCs. Within a short time large number of companies started up offering memory cards, hard drives, graphics cards, printers, etc. Cheap add-ins meant more demand for PCs. Please refer the diagram below. Increment in real income The Income of the consumers has been increased. The effect that income has on the amount of a product that consumers are willing and able to buy depends on the type of good were talking about. For most goods, there is a positive (direct) relationship between a consumers income and the amount of the good that one is willing and able to buy. Being considering the computer is a normal good, when income rises the demand for the computers will increase. The higher the level of aggregate and/or personal income, the higher the demand for a typical commodity as a general. Where the income is higher more of a good or service will be chosen at a given price. Thus determinants of demand normally utilize some form of income measure, including Gross Domestic Product (GDP). If you look at the following statistics the real income of the consumers have heen increased. Real household disposable income per head1 and gross domestic product per head2 United Kingdom Index numbers (1971=100) Gross domestic product Household Income 1971 100.0 100.0 1972 103.7 108.3 1973 111.1 115.1 1974 109.7 114.1 1975 109.0 115.0 1976 111.8 114.3 1977 114.5 111.7 1978 118.2 119.8 1979 121.4 126.7 1980 118.8 128.8 1981 117.3 128.4 1982 119.7 128.3 1983 124.1 131.0 1984 127.4 135.9 1985 132.0 140.7 1986 137.3 146.7 1987 143.5 149.2 1988 150.7 157.5 1989 154.2 165.1 1990 155.4 172.6 1991 153.2 176.0 1992 153.4 180.8 1993 156.8 186.2 1994 163.6 188.8 1995 168.5 193.7 1996 173.4 199.7 1997 179.1 208.1 1998 185.6 212.4 1999 192.0 218.5 2000 199.5 227.7 2001 204.5 237.8 2002 208.7 242.6 2003 214.6 249.9 2004 220.5 251.9 2005 225.1 258.9 2006 231.5 262.7 2007 238.5 262.9 1 Adjusted to real terms using the expenditure deflator for the household sector. See Appendix, Part 5: Household income data sources. 2 Adjusted to real terms using the GDP deflator. Source: Office for National Statistics; Government Actuarys Department; General Register Office for Scotland; Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency Therefore, the demand curve for computers has definitely shifted to the right from D1 to D2 reduce to increment in real incomes. Therefore, there has been a rise in their preferences. Please refer the diagram below. http://www.econport.org/content/handbook/Demand/Factors.htmleal 3.3 Consumer Taste, Fashion, Trend and Preferences It is a real fact that all markets are shaped by collective and individual tastes fashion trend, and preferences. These patterns are partly implanted by information and knowledge of products and services and partly shaped by culture, including the influence of advertising. Because of these differences in taste and preferences, different societies use forest products differently. As the mini-notebooks provide better functionality at the lower price points now a days they are becoming more appealing. Mini notebooks are highly demanded and it has become fashion and trend due to consumer preference. If you refer the diagram below, when the demand is increased, the demand curve is shifted to the right increasing the price. Population According to the following table, the population of UK has been increased and as a result the aggregate demand for computers have been increased. Table 1.1 Population1of the United Kingdom Millions 1971 1981 1991 2001 2007 2011 2021 2031 United Kingdom 55.9 56.4 57.4 59.1 61.0 62.8 67.2 71.1 England 46.4 46.8 47.9 49.5 51.1 52.7 56.8 60.4 Wales 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.3 Scotland 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Northern Ireland 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 1 Mid-year estimates for 1971 to 2007; 2006-based projections for 2011 to 2031. See Appendix, Part 1: Population estimates and projections. Source: Office for National Statistics; Government Actuarys Department; General Register Office for Scotland; Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency When the population is increased the demand is increased, the demand is increasing and demand curve shifts to right increasing the price of the computer from P1 to P2. Please refer the diagram. Now we will look at the Supply side of the computers. Reduction of prices of factors in production Production cost is a main criterion in deciding the product price. If input costs decline, firms respond by increasing output. As a result marginal costs are dramatically reduced and consequently supply is increased. Therefore there has been a huge fall in price and quantities traded have been risen dramatically. In the long run, when an industry expands the cost of industry also decreases. As the industry produces more output, the minimum average cost of production for each firm decreases with the decrease in costs. (Economies of scale) The decrease in costs may reflect lower input costs which reduce the minimum point of the average total cost curve as the industry grows. As the industry expands and if there are economies of scale in the production of an important input costs may decline. A decrease in input costs shifts the supply curve to the right from S1 toS2 increasing the Equilibrium quantity from Q1 to Q2. The price will be decreased from P1 to P2. Please refer the above diagram. http://www.flatworldknowledge.com/pub/1.0/introduction-economic-analysis/29486 Advancement in Technology Because of the technological advancement, the computers can be produced at a lower cost when compared to the decades ago. As technology has improved, he price of the computers have declined radically lowering their cost of production. Specially advances in communications technology. http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/ON/B0/B63/021MB63.html Let us look at another indicator of the phenomenal change in computers. According to Bureau of Labour Statistics, central processing unit (CPU) speed rose 1,263%, system memory increased 1,500%, hard drive capacity soared by 3,700%, and monitor size went up 13%Between 1993 and 1998. Therefore the supply curve shift to right from S1 to S2 by reducing the price from P1 to P2. http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/ON/B0/B63/021MB63.html The competitive advantage of high-tech laptops and Notebooks Notebook PC /Laptops Various types of notebooks and laptops with different configuration and specifications are manufactured by different companies. The most recognized companies in dealing with laptops are Sony, Vaio, Toshiba, Dell, Fujitsu, Lenovo ect. Priced are depended on configurations. Laptops with general features and lesser configuration are available at cheaper rates and notebooks with higher configuration and extra specifications are bit expensive. The processor may be Intel Dual Core and it may be enabled with widows or vista premium operating system. From one notebook PC to the other the data speed and the RAM capacity varies depending on the configuration. The memory may range from 1GB to 4GB or higher memory. Some laptops are enabled with TV tuner and built-in cameras for extra usage. The capacity of the hard drive varies, starting from 64GB to 500GB. When compared to the desktops, the hard disk and RAM have smaller sizes. There is a better advantage as the laptops Central Processing Unit is produced less heat and also save power. They may be of Intel Core, Core 2 Duo, Premium M, VIA Technologies etc. http://www.articlesbase.com/laptops Following are the most attractive features in the Note books and laptops. LCD display Key board and a touchpad, equivalent of mouse Display primarily ranges from 13 inches to 17 inches Weighs between 1.4 to 5.4 kilograms Thickness ranges between 18-38 mm Comes in folding design Rechargeable batter Removable memory facility which ensures large storage of data Availability of many ports for USB connectivitys Expandable memory cards such as Mini PCI for a large storage of data. Portable, cheap priced, stylish, folding design Both a laptop and notebook have more advantages as they are ultra-portable, durable and they can be used while travelling easily. We can have immediate access and can have our work done instantly and these are always up-to-date, as all files can be saved in a single location. With the help of wireless networks like Wi-Fi and cellular modems, we can access Internet even while on the go. The above mentioned advancements in technology, the computers gets technically better and better as the months ago for the same price, and this will shift the supply curve to the right. Retrieved from http://www.articlesbase.com/laptops-articles/laptop-notebooks-are-best-substitutes-for-our-traditional-computers-745511.html This can be seen in the diagram above. The quantity supplied has raised hugely, from Q1 to Q2.The equilibrium price has fallen from P1 to P2, a fairly large relative drop. 3.7 Expansion of the computer market. Recently more and more computer product chains have been entered to the market and it has led size of the industry grown. When more firms enter a given industry in short, output increases even as the price remains steady. The supply curve is shifted to the right decreasing the price of the product, when industry grows. Following are the main competitors in the UK market. United Kingdom PC Vendors) Company 3Q09 Market Share (%) 3Q08 Market Share (%) Acer 24.2 17.4 Dell Inc. 18.3 20.9 Hewlett-Packard 17.5 19.1 Toshiba 6.5 8.6 Apple Computer 5.0 3.8 Others 28.6 30.2 100.0Total 100.0Note: Data includes desk-based PCs and mobile PCs Source: Gartner (November 2009) . Please refer the diagram. The rapid increase in the number of firms, together with dramatic technological improvements, led to an increase in supply, shifting the supply curve in diagram to the right from S1 to S2. Price is reduced to P1 to P2. CONCLUSION Let us consider the factors those affected to fall in computer price in real terms which resulted both the demand curves and the supply curves led to right shift. Increased preferences due to advanced technology increase in population and the increment in real income, there is a huge increase in demand. And the demand curve shifted to the right from D1 to D2 in the diagram. The price was increased from P1 to P2. Suppliers strive for a greater share of the market by having strategies to gain consumers demand on their product. This is done so by increasing the value of their product. But there has also been a huge shift to the right in the supply curve for computers than the shift in the demand curve. Please refer the diagram above in relation to supply curve. In computer market particularly there are simultaneous shifts of both demand and supply curves. Combining both shifts generates an obvious change in quantity, but a questionable change in price. If an increase in demand increases equilibrium quantity and an increase in supply increases equilibrium quantity, then an increase in both MUST increase equilibrium quantity. In relation to the price, the demand increase (right shifts) results in a higher price, and the supply increase (right shift) leads to a lower price. The price is in determinant and it depends on the relative change of both curves. In the computer market, supply shifts relatively more than demand, therefore the supply induced lower price outweighs the demand-induced higher price, and the price is lower The price change is in determinant and we have to consider the relative change in the supply and the demand curves. Therefore, the exact reason for the question in this assignment is, even though the demand is increasing, the supply is also increasing but, at a rate higher than the demand increasing rate. You can notice in the diagram above, that the supply curve is shifted to the right at a higher rate than the rate at which the demand curve is shifted to the right. Therefore the price reduces from P1 to P2. Therefore, I conclude that the rapid increase in the number of firms, together with dramatic technological improvements, led to an increase in supply. The reason for the fall in equilibrium price that is the answer to the assignment question is market supply is relatively more than the demand and it results a lower price. Reference list Web sights http://www.microsoft.com/uk/business/news, 26, March 2010, 8.15 a.m. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer, 26, March 2010, 8.25 a.m. http://www.channelweb.co.uk/crn/news, 26, March 2010, 9.00 a.m. http://www.econport.org, 26, March 2010, 9.10 a.m. http://www.econport.org, 26, March 2010, 9.40 a.m. http://www.amosweb.com, 26, March 2010, 9.55 a.m. http://www.slideshare.net, 26, March 2010, 1.10 p.m. http://www.flatworldknowledge.com, 26, March 2010, 1.25 p.m. http://www.web-books.com, 27, March 2010, 9.20 a.m. http://www.articlesbase.com, 27, March 2010, 9.30 a.m. http://en.wikipedia.org26, 27March 2010, 11. a.m. htpp://www.microsoft.com/uk/business/news/driving-revenue/UK-PC-sales, 27March 2010, 11. a.m. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4704927.stm Books Parkin, M. 2008 (8th edition) Solman, J. 2007 (2nd edition),Economics, Pages 48-65

Children And Television Essay -- essays research papers

Children are vulnerable and easily swayed by everything around them. Parents try to do everything in their power to protect their children from unhealthy environments. They child-proof everything, but they don’t realize that thousands of strangers enter the home everyday...through the television. Television is in 98% of North American homes and the average Canadian child watches four hours of television every day. Most parents do not realize that their children are watching violence-ridden television programs and that by the age of 18 the average North American child will have viewed over 200,000 acts of television violence. Children should not be allowed to watch violent television programs because children are easily desensitized to violence, they are unable to distinguish reality and fantasy and they copy what they see on television. Children are very impressionable and are easily desensitized to the violence they see on television. Research has shown that young children are aroused by aggressive scenes on television and show higher levels of emotion when watching aggressive programs than when watching passive programs. The arousal diminishes with repeated exposure to television and the violence no longer affects children. When people are no longer aroused by violence they become less responsive to human suffering and may not be as quick to help or may not intervene during an emergency. When there is a problem, arousal levels are high and quick action is taken but when arousal levels do no increase then people are not as concerned about the problem and may not jump in to solve it. Because society is becoming more aggressive, there will be more violent sociatal situations and if people do not take swift action and help because they are desenstiaed to the violence, many lives could be lost. Young children have trouble distinguishing between reality and fantasy. They cannot make objective evaluations, cannot form logical conclusions and cannot sort out relevant data about the things they see on television. They don’t understand the difference between what is possible and what is actually probable. If a young child see someone on TV jumping off a mountain and landing on their feet, they believe that it is real becausw they saw it happen with their own eyes and do not have the capacity to believe otherwise. Children do not develop the capacity to dis... ...eir children are watching in addition to the type of programs. In the formative years, they should also explain to their children the difference between "pretend" and "reality." For example, if the child sees someone getting shot on a TV program, the parent should point out that these are just actors pretending to get shot with a pretend gun. Frank discussions about the repercussions of real violence should also be discussed, with the focus on "right" and "wrong" behavior. This will help develop a sense of morality within the child which will allow him or her to make more informed decisions. The hue and cry about reducing the amount of violence on TV has had little affect on programmers or producers. The best defense parents can mount against the cumulative affects of television violence is to clearly explain to their children what is acceptable behavior. If parents explain their expectations to their children, they will be better able to f ormulate their own opinion regarding violence within a strong moral framework rather than within a blurred and confused sense of television reality which glorifies violence and makes is seen acceptable.

Wisdom and Foolishness in Shakespeares King Lear :: essays research papers

Tragedies are dominated by contrasts and conflicts between various entities such as, good and evil, legitimate and illegitimate, appearance and reality and so on. Another contrast is between wisdom and foolishness. If one associates foolishness with madmen and fools one will be surprised to find that in a tragedy such as King Lear this is not the case. Shakespeare portrays, the sane characters such as Kent and Cordelia as fools by virtue of loyalty, love and their willingness to speak the truth. On the otherhand, the Madman, Tom o’Bedlam and the fool are depicted as the true figures of wisdom. Moreover mirroring all this is King Lear’s transition from foolish behaviour through madness achieving wisdom. Cordelia and Kent may classify as sane characters but still their behaviour is foolish. Cordelia and Kent speak the truth which Lear does not want to hear. Their behaviour is foolish as they confront Lear, a mighty fortress of pride, in their willingness to be true and loyal to a father and to a king. Cordelia cannot heave her heart into her mouth and speaks plain, â€Å"I love your majesty according to my bond no more nor less†. In doing this she risks displeasing her father, furthermore she continues to displease him when she tries to make him realize his foolish behaviour. In the end she is willing to give her life for a father who has wronged her (when she returns to rescue him). Likewise Kent is also wronged when he confronts Lear with the true reality of things. In doing this he sacrifices his identity as Earl. Kent again risks his life when in disguise he returns to serve Lear again. In the end there are suggestions that he will follow Lear, his master, to the grave. Therefore, if the sane characters commit foolish actions, obeying the same paradox, the implications are that Tom o’Bedlam and the fool have to be wise. The role of the fool in the play is to remind Lear of his foolish behaviour in giving everything to his two daughters and in banishing Cordelia. The audience can get much insight in the words of the fool. This was not new to the Elizabethan audience as it was a theatrical convention that the fool would speak the truth. Likewise is poor Tom o’Bedlam (Edgar in disguise). In him Lear finds reason and calls him philosopher. Wisdom and Foolishness in Shakespeare's King Lear :: essays research papers Tragedies are dominated by contrasts and conflicts between various entities such as, good and evil, legitimate and illegitimate, appearance and reality and so on. Another contrast is between wisdom and foolishness. If one associates foolishness with madmen and fools one will be surprised to find that in a tragedy such as King Lear this is not the case. Shakespeare portrays, the sane characters such as Kent and Cordelia as fools by virtue of loyalty, love and their willingness to speak the truth. On the otherhand, the Madman, Tom o’Bedlam and the fool are depicted as the true figures of wisdom. Moreover mirroring all this is King Lear’s transition from foolish behaviour through madness achieving wisdom. Cordelia and Kent may classify as sane characters but still their behaviour is foolish. Cordelia and Kent speak the truth which Lear does not want to hear. Their behaviour is foolish as they confront Lear, a mighty fortress of pride, in their willingness to be true and loyal to a father and to a king. Cordelia cannot heave her heart into her mouth and speaks plain, â€Å"I love your majesty according to my bond no more nor less†. In doing this she risks displeasing her father, furthermore she continues to displease him when she tries to make him realize his foolish behaviour. In the end she is willing to give her life for a father who has wronged her (when she returns to rescue him). Likewise Kent is also wronged when he confronts Lear with the true reality of things. In doing this he sacrifices his identity as Earl. Kent again risks his life when in disguise he returns to serve Lear again. In the end there are suggestions that he will follow Lear, his master, to the grave. Therefore, if the sane characters commit foolish actions, obeying the same paradox, the implications are that Tom o’Bedlam and the fool have to be wise. The role of the fool in the play is to remind Lear of his foolish behaviour in giving everything to his two daughters and in banishing Cordelia. The audience can get much insight in the words of the fool. This was not new to the Elizabethan audience as it was a theatrical convention that the fool would speak the truth. Likewise is poor Tom o’Bedlam (Edgar in disguise). In him Lear finds reason and calls him philosopher.

Convergence and Divergence of Communication

Nico Brown COJO 1030 October 25, 2012 Convergence and Divergence Essay Intentionally or intuitively, we constantly use convergence and divergence in our daily communication routine. While the process itself is automatic; the manner of not doing either does not exist, because one of the two is always being chosen. Convergence is the process of adapting ones speech style to match others they want to identify and divergence is the use of linguistic mannerisms that emphasizes a person’s differences from others.A person would be able to understand these two concepts through personal examples by comparing and contrasting the differences in each term, discussing what aspects of these communicative techniques were conscious and which were unconscious, and explaining the relational consequences. When thinking of the meaning of convergence, it takes me back to when I was in fourth grade. I had been going to this school for three years; I knew everyone and everyone knew me. All of my fri ends would come to my house after school and we would hangout until the sun went down. Everything we did, we did it together.Whether it was getting into trouble by stealing the neighbor’s cat or celebrating each other’s birthday; there wasn’t an hour when you could see us apart from each other. Then one day we moved out of the neighborhood, which also meant I moved schools, but worst of all, my friends. Being that it was the middle of the second semester, I didn’t automatically fit in with the kids at my new school. The fact that I was now three towns from where I grew up and what my former friends and I did for fun was now considered lame led me to have less chances of acquiring new friends.After a week or two of eating, playing and sitting alone I figured to give it a shot; that whatever they are doing, and even though it might be different than what I do, it may be fun. The next Monday during the morning recess I walked up to a group of kids and asked to play with them. A week later I had three new friends and with that I picked up a few new words. This is an example of convergence. The fact that I changed the way I did things while being accepted by others. An example of divergence would be the time I moved from the state of Kansas to the Lone Star State of Texas.Being in a new state was a lot different than being in a new town that is a few miles down the road. Every Texan I came in contact with would ask me the same questions and say all the same things. Have I ever been in a tornado, does it rain a lot in Kansas, does Kansas have a lot of tornadoes, I talk weird, I sound funny, I have an accent. Personally that was the first time someone told me I had an accent or talked funny, and I got them both in the same day. I remember when I asked a guy what his favorite pop was. He looked at me with a confused face and asked what it was. Example of illustrators, a Non-verbal behavior that accompanies and supports verbal message). When I told him some people call it soda he laughed at me and said he thought I was talking about champagne. When I joined the football team the coaches would tell me to do certain things and when I never did they would argue that I was doing everything wrong. Then when they saw me do something good, they asked where I learned it from and my answer was would always be Kansas. Everything I did I made sure that everyone knew that I was from Kansas.Whether it was the way I walked, the way I talked, the things I said, or the things I did. Thinking back, motivations I used when I was in the fourth grade would have come from all those days of sitting alone as well as eating alone. The thought of not being able to be around my old friends pushed me to get more friends. As to when I moved to Texas the reason I wanted to stand out from being the same as everyone else was because Kansas was all I knew. Everything I had ever known at that point I learned in Kansas and the sudden change just made m e want make a statement that I was not a Texas native.I would say that the wanting to standout from everyone in Texas was unconscious. The reason being because everyone did certain things that I would have never done if I were back home in Kansas and what I did they considered it to be â€Å"different† and something was wrong with it. But as much as they pointed out what I did differently I couldn’t help it because hose were things I was used to. It was more of a reflex because I was so used to doing and saying things in a certain way. Trying to change it would be conscious because I would focus more to what I was saying and how I would need to make it different.When I changed schools and finally decided to make new friends was conscious communication techniques. Because I had to think about it before it happened. I also changed the way I behaved and I would say things in different ways than how I would usually say them. Instead of all of this automatically happening I had to think about things that I said and remember what was what so I would be accepted within the group. These two innocent situations that I experienced had unaware consequences on the involved relationships. The first one being that I changed the way I did things and I got new friends.The second being I was able to be myself and I was considered different. And even though I was not the same as everyone else, I still managed to have friends that accepted me for who I was. Convergence and divergence both impacts and have an effect on our lives and the truth they always will. While we will use convergence to help us get closer to people and divergence to keep us distant from the ones we don’t want to be around. They two terms will continually be used throughout our lives determining the types of relationships we have. Whether it’s intentional or not, we will always use one concept or the other.

Early Birds vs. Night Owls

Early Birds vs. Night Owls People today are leading two different lifestyles. Some of them are living an early bird style while others are living a night owl style. An early bird is a person who always gets up early in the morning, sets out for work early and strictly organize his/her time schedules. In contrast, a night owl is a person who always stays up late into the night, enjoys the exciting and colorful night life of the city, or works extremely hard late at night.To illustrate the existing differences and similarities, we will take a look at the perceptions of life value, and the divisions between these two life patterns in the following text. Their differences and similarities are of equal importance in our discussions. Early birds and night owls have different perceptions in their life attitudes toward their time-spending value, health concepts and everyday habits. They have different viewpoints of how time should be spent. Early birds who strictly follow the cycle of their biological clocks, believe no extravagance in spending time uncontrolledly in night-time entertainment.They obviously observe the rule of the Earth orbit, rising with the sun and resting during the night. For them, time should be treasured, and it can never be wasted in indulgence. However, night owls hold a different perception. They believe that time can never be exhausted especially the night time. They are more active and energetic after the sun is set. For them, indulgence in life is of better value than time itself, which seems endless. Meanwhile, they believe in different health concepts. Early birds favor the principle of healthy habits and a healthy life.They consider the form of â€Å"early to bed, early to rise† as a normal and healthy way of living. On the contrary, night owls discard the traditional health concept of obeying the biological clock. They are less concerned about health problems that might be brought up by being a night owl. Consequently, they will a lways feel drowsy, and in a long run, it will cause permanent damages to their livers in lack of adequate sleep. As a result of these different perceptions, early birds and night owls are different in their habits of life. Early birds abiding by organized life pattern are leading a more regular life than night owls.They keep to the clock in their arrangements of daily matters and seldom break their rules of a stable timetable. In contrast, night-owl style practitioners care less about routines. They entertain themselves or work hard during night time and would rather take a recovery by sleeping during the day. Although there are some differences in the respective viewpoints of early birds and night owls concerning life value, they have one thing in common: They treasure their chances in life. Early birds like to be punctual in their work and their lives. They manage their orbits by working hard and obeying the rules.In comparison, night owls would not miss their opportunities in the night time. They work hard while playing hard at the same time. In a word, different perceptions of value determine the lifestyle a person may choose – an early bird or a night owl. Ages and professions are also the factors to determine the lifestyles. As for their ages, early birds tend to be older while night owls tend to be younger. Early birds are mostly grown-up people, who are more mature and financially independent in choosing when to work and when to rest than the younger night owls.Contrastingly, younger night owls have not been burdened with too many social responsibilities. They are not psychologically mature enough to be obedient to the rules of day and night. So they fall easily to the attractions of night life. Sometimes, a person’s occupation also determines his or her choice of life patterns. Early birds are normally those with regular working hours. They are managers, accountants, lawyers, teachers and so on, who are always on day-time duty. In contra st, night owls are normally working with night shifts. They are factory workers, bar tenders, club managers and so on.However, as society advances, the distinctions between ages and professions in this respect are blurred as night life attracts more and more people in the city, youth or grown-up. People tend to work more hours at night or go out to pubs or night clubs to have a drink, to get acquainted with some new friends and to chat and relax. Early birds and night owls are somehow the same to some people who are active both day and night. The consequences of being an early bird or a night owl differ in respect of personal health and social effects. In a long-term point of view, an early bird can enjoy better health than a night owl.By sleeping early and getting up early, an early bird can always maintain a healthy body. A healthy body can be the source of a healthy mind. A night owl, however, may face the consequence that in a long run, staying up too late every night will damag e his or her good health. Meanwhile, an early bird can obey the rules while a night owl may not. Daylight shows everything delightful while darkness at night may arouse some undesired passion of mankind. In our social life, we can see some unwanted side-effects of night owls, such as severe alcohol drinking or drug taking.Consequently, an early bird style, in a long-term value, is more recommendable than a night owl style. In conclusion, an early bird and a night owl possess different life values and habits. Ages or occupations are sometimes the factors to determine a person’s choice of being an early bird or a night owl. Both of their choices may have effects on their health and on the society. Today, some people would agree with the old saying, â€Å"the early bird gets the worms† while the others would be in favor of â€Å"the night owl gets the rats†. Simply put, people should cherish the days and nights, either being an early bird or a night owl.